Renzo Piano曾经在1969年伦敦的建筑展上被人尖刻得指为“重局部轻整体”，他将设计中的问题转化成众多的局部设计，每一个局部都最好地展现其与众不同的技术特性，而对整个建筑的特质的重要性却微乎其微。从他早期和Richard Rogers合作的乔治·蓬皮杜国家艺术文化中心（Centre National d'art et de Culture Georges Pompidou）就可看出。piano也曾在1987年提到他当时的作品梅尼尔收藏博物馆（Menil Collection Gallery）是他第一个实现整体去解决设计问题的建筑。从1987年至今，piano已经不再别人指责为“重局部而轻整体”了，他也与1998年在美国白宫获得普利策奖。
加州科学院（California Academy of Science）是他最新建成作品，这个从方案到建成经历8年的项目也最好地体现了piano如何去建造一个有机的建筑的思想，最早知道这个方案是在大三学ArchiCAD的时候，老师介绍Renzo Piano Building Workshop在ArchiCAD软件平台上进行这个建筑的设计。我在09年初的各杂志上读到相关的文章，不仅因为其整体简洁的控制和精彩的技术细部，而且是可持续性的设计思想。虽然建筑远在大洋彼岸，只能通过书籍和网络去获取它的相关信息，并学习一番。
＋design。
加州科学院（California Academy of Science）先前是一个巴洛克的古典建筑，后因地震而毁坏，建筑围绕一个庭院的布局是对科学院最初建筑平面布局的一个延续，也是piano对场地和文化的尊重。。这与建筑对面的德杨博物馆采取的策略是不同的，虽然两者的建成都是因为之前的建筑在地震中被毁坏。新建筑还保留了一部分外墙，以及老建筑的一部分作非洲展厅。穹顶形的天文馆、雨林馆和意大利式的广场－piazza构成了建筑中最精彩的部分，这3个空间在屋顶上也有相应的表达，凸起和凹下，室内的开敞度也使空间更丰富。
建筑的主要构思是一个living roof，piano想截取一块加州的土地把它提高并把建筑置于其下。但问题是如何实现这个目标。
＋case study。
＋case study。
关于living roof，球形的屋面将新鲜舒适的空气带入piazza中，并将不新鲜热空气通过piazza最高处的开口排出建筑。边缘的玻璃屋顶都带有太阳能电池，做法也和平常的不一样，这有点像我在瑞士巴塞尔见到piano的拜尔勒基金会博物馆（Beyeler Foundation museum）的屋顶做法，只是把加强玻璃钢化的铁丝网换成太阳能电池，一方面降低了玻璃的透光度，另一方面光影效果也很不错。其实，屋顶做法和拜尔勒博物馆很像，都采用了出挑的手法，增强了建筑水平方向的延展性。但我觉得拜尔勒博物馆轻盈了许多。
建筑平面布局将功能空间和特殊展厅空间置于四角，剩下的十字形空间形成公共空间和一般陈列室空间，并将天文馆和雨林馆两个对空间有特别要求的空间和piazza中庭置于十字形空间的中间，形成空间的高潮。我很喜欢水族馆的设计，水族馆的水面同时也成为了室内的水景。建筑有很多精彩的细部，我把照片列出来了，大家细看吧。
＋appendix。
How to grow the most natural history museum ever
1 Recycled materials _One external wall and a portion of the African Hall from the original structure remain in place near the new planetarium. The rest of the building — 9,000 tons of concrete, 12,000 tons of steel — was demolished and recycled. The steel used in construction is also recycled, and shredded blue jeans insulate the walls.
2 Passive _climate controlThe undulating roof helps guide fresh, cool air into the central piazza and stale, hot air out through high-point vents. This lessens the need for expensive, energy-wasting air-conditioning and ventilation systems.
3 Living roof _More than a lawn overhead, 1.7 million native plants insulate the roof, capture rainwater, and provide a 2.5-acre habitat for butter flies, hummingbirds, and other critters. And that nifty thatch is framed by 60,000 photovoltaic cells along the roof's perimeter.
4 Natural illumination _Computer modeling determined optimal locations for windows to maximize illumination of sunlight-hungry coral reef and tropical rain forest installations without overheating the rest of the building. (Most offices get working windows for natural light and temperature control.)
5 Water conservation _Ocean water piped in from the Pacific cycles through natural filtration systems for aquarium tanks. Toilets flush with reclaimed water, sparing California's stressed-out water-delivery network.
1 Recycled materials _One external wall and a portion of the African Hall from the original structure remain in place near the new planetarium. The rest of the building — 9,000 tons of concrete, 12,000 tons of steel — was demolished and recycled. The steel used in construction is also recycled, and shredded blue jeans insulate the walls.
2 Passive _climate controlThe undulating roof helps guide fresh, cool air into the central piazza and stale, hot air out through high-point vents. This lessens the need for expensive, energy-wasting air-conditioning and ventilation systems.
3 Living roof _More than a lawn overhead, 1.7 million native plants insulate the roof, capture rainwater, and provide a 2.5-acre habitat for butter flies, hummingbirds, and other critters. And that nifty thatch is framed by 60,000 photovoltaic cells along the roof's perimeter.
4 Natural illumination _Computer modeling determined optimal locations for windows to maximize illumination of sunlight-hungry coral reef and tropical rain forest installations without overheating the rest of the building. (Most offices get working windows for natural light and temperature control.)
5 Water conservation _Ocean water piped in from the Pacific cycles through natural filtration systems for aquarium tanks. Toilets flush with reclaimed water, sparing California's stressed-out water-delivery network.
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